Jobs That'll Soon Be Lost to Automation

Workers have long feared losing jobs to newcomers, but the threat has changed in the digital age, with technology posing a new form of competition. With 2.3 million robots already present in the global workforce, bots are now projected to supplant 20 million manufacturing jobs by 2030, including 1.5 million in the U.S. The pandemic accelerated the shift, as industries turned to technology to alleviate financial losses. Many jobs are poised to become increasingly automated, especially as huge retailers like Walmart and Amazon turn to robotic arms in warehouses and drones to help with delivery services amid a labor crunch. 

Related: Jobs That Have Disappeared From American Life

Mega retailers like Amazon are creating new robots to perform warehouse jobs all the time. The latest is named Sparrow, and it's the first robot that can select and handle individual items at Amazon's warehouses, a big feat for a company that sells legions of products. It helps process orders before they're ready for packaging, doing repetitive work that warehouse employees would have otherwise done. It joins the ranks of Robin and Cardinal, two other robotic arms that help move products around after they're packaged.

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Even couriers who don't rely on a car to get around are in danger of robot replacement as companies such as Amazon experiment with delivery via drone or autonomous ground vehicles, like those being prototyped by the company Unsupervised AI. Further, Walmart recently launching an expanded drone delivery program with DroneUp — a July event at a Walmart in Arkansas served as an open house of sorts to introduce the service. 

Related: Walmart Gets Into the Delivery Business – for Home Depot

Though fast-food jobs are seeing automation at a brisk clip, that doesn't mean workers in sit-down restaurants will be spared. One restaurant-consulting firm estimates that 38% of waiter and waitress jobs could be replaced with the use of bots — amounting to some 2.1 million positions. And one national chain is among those already embracing the technology. Chili's is expanding its use of robots after a successful 18-month trial of Rita, a bot that is tasked with jobs including seating customers and helping bring food to tables. Rita isn't meant to replace human workers, Chili's says, just give them a helping hand — which she does accurately about 99% of the time.

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Fast-food companies use an assembly-line approach to streamline cooking, so many positions can be filled by specialized automatons. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates 80,000 jobs in the industry will disappear by 2024. White Castle became the first chain to employ a burger-grilling robot, dubbed Flippy. Chipotle is also testing its own bot. Taking a page from White Castle's book, this one is Chippy, and it's being engineered to cook and season Chipotle's signature lime-dusted tortilla chips. Artificial intelligence is also being put to work at Panera to monitor its coffee stations, and McDonald's has announced a partnership with IBM that to help it speed up the use of artificial intelligence in drive-thru order taking, which has already seen testing in Chicago.

Becoming a pharmacist isn't easy, as it requires a masters degree and an understanding of chemistry. But now Walgreens is farming out at least part of the job to robots. According to the chain, one robot can fill 300 prescriptions in an hour, about the same number that a typical Walgreens pharmacy can do in an entire day. The company plans to open micro-fulfillment centers to fill prescriptions, and by 2025, half of Walgreens prescriptions could be filled not by humans, but bots. Walgreens won't be the only bot-backed pharmacy, either — CVS already uses robots to fill prescriptions in some of its high-volume stores. Walgreens says the bots free up pharmacists to build relationships with customers.

Grocery stores are replacing stock clerks with inventory-assessing robots, and you might have already run across one in your local store. The bots move up and down aisles on their own, using cameras and lights to scan products. If anything needs to be restocked, employees are alerted. Sam's Club is the latest store to deploy the robot clerks chain-wide, saying they can record data about the items on the shelves faster and more accurately than human workers, who are in short supply thanks to a labor shortage. Sam's join other stores including Hy-Vee, Giant Eagle, and Save Mart in embracing the inventory tech.

As with many jobs requiring only a high school education, cashier positions don't require a high degree of human analysis and can easily be occupied by machines such as self-checkout kiosks. These have already become common in pharmacies and grocery stores, with fast-food purveyors including McDonald's adopting them as well.

Amazon is pioneering retail at its Seattle-based store Amazon Go, which eliminates checkout altogether and automates purchases through the customer's smartphone. In 2020, the company began selling the same technology to other retailers. With other convenience stores expected to follow suit in coming years, this higher-tech approach could lead to more lost retail jobs, as it irons out kinks and lessens the need for humans to provide help at checkout.

Dishwashing robots are high on everyone's list for useful applications of artificial intelligence, according to Eric Schmidt, chairman and former CEO of Alphabet, the parent of Google. As of 2019, the startup Dishcraft had raised $25 million in venture capital for its mission to perfect its robotic dishwashing system, which is already in use at certain high-volume cafeterias.

Chefs aren't as safe from automation as most other creative positions; robotic cooks are already being used to prepare food and generate interest at restaurants in China as well as pockets of the West. In Paris, the French company Pazzi has opened a restaurant staffed by its own pizza-making robot, while Creator in San Francisco boasts an automated assembly line for gourmet burgers made to order. Meanwhile, 3D-printing tech that creates gourmet pasta and replica steaks is seeing varying degrees of success and implementation.

Toll-booth operator is another low-skill position that's already been automated. As many as 16 states now use E-ZPass, an electronic tolling system that eliminates the need for human workers to staff paid-access roads. Nearly half of the nation’s toll roads are now cashless. At least seven more of the 34 states with toll roads have some other form of electronic tolling in place. For 185 toll operators in Northern California, health measures relating to coronavirus presented the final nail in the coffin for their positions, replaced by technology.

Though everyone's heard the buzz about self-driving cars, fully autonomous vehicles haven’t yet lived up to projections, and aren’t expected to be common until the late 2020s at the earliest. When they do, self-driving cars may make obsolete almost 5 million humans dependent on making a living by driving, including truckers, taxi drivers, and tractor operators.

Though most health care professionals can rest easy knowing patients prefer treatment from humans, radiologists are at unique risk of being supplanted by machines that can analyze complex data from MRI and CT scans more efficiently. But despite companies such as IBM and GE working toward diagnoses by artificial intelligence, at least some radiologists will still be necessary for the foreseeable future to design algorithms and interpret results.

Robots have begun writing the news, though their abilities are still limited generally to writing reports based on specific datasets. The Washington Post and U.K.'s Press Association employ automatons to write sports and election coverage. Yahoo Sports uses similar technology for its fantasy football leagues, while Bloomberg’s Cyborg program converts financial reports into digestible articles. To compensate for lost ad revenue, MSN laid off dozens of editors in favor of content-processing AIs. When it comes to reporting and writing, it remains to be seen whether machines can generate more complex news analysis on their own, or if they’ll be limited to merely assisting human reporters by detecting trends or generating story templates, as they have for outlets such as Forbes and The Washington Post.

The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation estimates that advances in live-translation technology will put human translators at high risk of replacement in the next decade. The complexities of language mean translators of the future will likely work side-by-side with machines to correct their output.

The highly routine occupation of telemarketing has a 99% probability of automation, according to an Oxford study about "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation." The shift has already started, as anyone who's received unwanted robocalls from automated solicitors can attest. 

As with telemarketing, many companies have already switched from human operators to more cost-effective automated ones. Switchboard attendants may even go down as one of the first occupations to be supplanted by robotics; companies began introducing automated attendants in the early 1980s.

Today, machines perform not just physical labor but cognitive tasks as well, with more and more companies employing software systems to input data, review performance, and optimize efficiency, as middle managers were once expected to. For a well-known example, look no further than Uber, which uses an automated system to dispatch human drivers and track earnings. 

More than a million workers tending to the nation's farmland may soon be rendered obsolete by specialized automatons performing all manner of traditional agricultural tasks, from picking apples to weeding lettuce. Some are already in mass operation, while others are in development to compete with the cost of unskilled human labor. 

Machines offer considerable value over human competitors in grading and sorting agriculture as well as harvesting it, which is why the occupation is at high risk of automation. Spot-spraying automatons and optical sorting machines, which use hyperspectral cameras to analyze foods at a chemical level, are just two examples of innovations reducing the need for human labor in agriculture. 

The nation's 2 million tax preparers and other accountants may soon see their jobs filled primarily by machines. TurboTax and H&R Block already have tax bots, though they're not yet capable of filing with the IRS. As with journalists, however, it’s likely that in many cases new technologies will simply aid CPAs by performing more mundane, number-crunching tasks, enabling them to focus on bigger-picture, organizational problems that can still benefit from human creativity. 

Assembly and manufacturing workers have seen perhaps the biggest impact from automation so far, as mechanized labor has become a more cost-efficient and often safer option. Eighty-five percent of the 5.6 million North American jobs lost in the sector from 2000 to 2010 were from machine-related "productivity growth." Economists at MIT and Boston University estimate another 2 million workers in the industry could be replaced by robots by 2025.

In tennis, umpires have already been partially replaced by a computerized equivalent called Hawk-Eye, which uses high-speed 3D cameras to impartially and immediately settle challenges to the human umpire's call. Though they work side by side for now, an NPR report predicts umpires and referees have a 98.3% chance of becoming automated, with ample advocacy for and against this shift among athletes and sports fans.

Loan officers, whose job it is to evaluate and authorize or deny commercial, real estate, or credit loans, are at a 98% risk of automation. That’s bad news for the 308,700 workers employed in such positions as of 2018.

Other real estate-related fields aren't far behind loan officers, with appraisers and sales agents at 90% and 86% risk of automation, respectively. Advances in artificial intelligence in home appraisal are already helping out by Zillow, whose algorithms reportedly are able to assess numerous complex price indicators.

At the perpetually cash-strapped U.S. Postal Service, various robots have been employed in sorting centers over the past 30 years, replacing human forklift drivers and tuggers to transport mail throughout the facilities. Mail carriers have long been safe from automation, but that began changing in 2016, when the Swiss Post tested robotic delivery vehicles from Starship Technologies that may soon make their way to the U.S. For now, however, Postal Service plans only go so far as installing sorting robots in delivery vehicles to pass them between storage bins or to the drivers — still human, for now. 

Travel agents are projected to see an 11.7% drop in employment by 2024 from 2012, in part because of the impact of artificial intelligence on the travel industry. (The travel slump accompanying the coronavirus lockdown may have accelerated things.) Agents are made redundant by largely automated travel sites such as Skyscanner and Thomson, which employ artificially intelligent chatbots to help customers save money and create personalized experiences.

Jewelers and others who help manufacture, appraise, or repair jewelry have a 96% chance of having their jobs become automated, thanks to 3D printing and gem-cutting robots. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts the number of workers employed in such jobs will decline another 7% from 2018 to 2028.

Many utility companies still employ meter readers to travel between homes and businesses determining water, gas, and electricity use, but these positions have been vanishing for years as companies turn to digital meters to collect the information. The job is projected to have a 100% chance of replacement by automation.

The company Knightscope has already deployed its bulky K5 security robot to patrol parking lots and offices in 10 states. Though they're designed to supplement human guards for now, the profession has an 84% chance of automation, as the K5 and similar robots are becoming more cost effective and — with the complication of coronavirus — pose less health risk than their high-maintenance human counterparts.

Callers to companies should expect to be increasingly greeted and connected by robots in the coming years, as receptionist positions have a 96% likelihood of becoming automated. Already there are numerous software programs on the market such as Auto Attendant and Greetly Digital Receptionist that can manage company-wide calls and coordinate schedules virtually.

Law firms began experimenting with software to streamline document review in the early 2000s, and today there are well-funded entrepreneurs working on AI to replace the entire firm. Lawyers themselves are safe for now, but paralegals, who previously handled the bulk of administrative tasks, are another class deemed certain to be replaced. 

Bank tellers have a 98% chance of being replaced by robots — on top of what ATMs and mobile banking apps have done already. International banks such as Emirates NBD have also begun using personable robots at select locations to greet customers and help staff provide services.

The job of file clerk has already changed considerably as banks and other businesses depend less and less on paper filing systems, and it's due to shrink another 8% by 2024 thanks to affordable software programs such as QuickBooks that accomplish many of the same tasks. The profession is supposedly doomed. 

Court reporters, typists, and transcriptionists of all stripes can expect to be passed over for automated tools that can more swiftly and cheaply take down conversations. Medical transcriptionist positions are already being phased out as hospitals, including Fletcher Allen Health Care in Vermont, transition to technologies such as the electronic Patient Record and Information Systems Management.

The world's largest meatpacking company, JBS in Brazil, bought a controlling share of the robotics firm Scott Technology in 2016, intending to develop butchery robots beginning in its sheep and pork processing plants. Beef processing has been more difficult to automate, but efforts are expected to continue given the high cost and safety hazards of human labor in the industry.

Porters and bellhops, who handle lodging guests and train travelers’ luggage, have an 83% risk of automation. Hospitals in Japan have been using automated porters to answer client inquiries and transport luggage since at least 2006, and South Korea's LG Electronics began demonstrating commercial robots for hotels and airports in 2018, which could affect up to 800 million workers worldwide.

Robots already make vehicles, and now they're helping repair them, with Audi and other companies testing diagnostic and technician robots at dealerships. Certain automotive maintenance jobs, such as body repair technician, are at particularly high (91%) risk of automation, while mechanics represent another position likely to evolve toward working in collaboration with robots.

The market for customer service robots is forecast to be worth $88 million by 2022, though about half of the bots are expected to be deployed in the Asia-Pacific region. Banks, malls, airports, movie theaters, and exhibitions where employees perform repetitive customer interactions are looking beyond self-service kiosks to artificially intelligent helpers, with U.S. businesses such as Target and Lowe's already running tests. The process only accelerated in response to the pandemic, with companies and government services replacing human-operated call centers with chatbots and AI platforms courtesy of IBM and LivePerson. 

Artificial intelligence is threatening jobs even in the elite field of Wall Street investing, as BlackRock and other major investment companies lay off employees in favor of computerized stock-trading algorithms that typically outperform them. By 2025, financial institutions are expected to have lost 10% of their human workforce, with 40% of those eliminated operating in money management.

As anyone with a Roomba knows, robots can ably perform many run-of-the-mill cleaning tasks on their own, so in-person facilities such as hospitals, airports, and grocery stores have been employing them more and more to free up employees during the pandemic. For example, San Diego-based Brain Corp. reported a 13% increase in retailers using its automated floor cleaning technology during a two-month period in 2020.

Some hotels were already deploying mechanized butlers and room service attendants to deliver meals and hygiene essentials, even before the pandemic incentivized our cutting back on direct human contact. Now even more are investing in high-tech cleaning robots such as the Xenex LightStrike, which zaps germs using ultraviolet rays to sanitize rooms and luggage and ensure guests’ peace of mind. For now, the robots still work in conjunction with human cleaners. 

Among the first to shut down services in response to the pandemic were municipal recycling facilities, where human workers sorted through plastic, paper, and glass in what are now considered dangerously close quarters. Many have turned to AI-assisted robots to fill the gaps, with inquiries to the manufacturer AMP Robotics increasing fivefold and nearly 100 facilities expected to employ its technology by the end of 2020, compared with just 35 before. Productivity increases make it unlikely the centers will revert to human labor, as the machines can sort through 160 items a minute to the average worker's 13.

A 2018 study by the Midwest Economic Policy Institute estimated robots would replace 2.7 million jobs in construction within the next 30 years. The automation potential for different occupations within construction was just 38% for unpredictable physical work, such as roofing and sheet metal application, compared with 70% for more predictable physical work, including the operation of heavy machinery, for which some autonomous technology already exists, and bricklaying, which has an 82% chance of automation thanks to advances including a semi-automated robotic arm.

Insurance underwriters, who evaluate applications to determine the appropriate insurance policy for customers, have a whopping 89% chance of being replaced by robots. Though business and financial operations are expected to grow overall, insurers are increasingly relying on data and software solutions such as IBM’s Watson for underwriting processes.

Human credit analysts, who review the financial histories of firms and individuals to make recommendations for lending money or extending credit, are almost guaranteed to lose their jobs to automated technologies in the near future. Though finance remains a popular industry for job seekers, its highly technical nature means it will also be subject to high degrees of automation. For example, JPMorgan is already using AI to review commercial loan agreements in a fraction of the time it used to take human lawyers and analysts.